Kvadratisk borg

En kvadratisk borg er en type borg, der er karakteriseret ved bygningsrækker, som er integreret med ringmuren, og som omslutter en central borggård eller kvadrant, typisk med hjørnetårne. Der er ikke noget keep og ofte heller ikke noget særskilt porttårn. Den kvadratiske form stammer primært fra midten til slutningen af 1300-tallet og markerer overgangen fra defensivt orienterede til mere boligprægede stormandshuse. De fire vægge kaldes også fløje.

Kvadratiske borge viser typisk en sofistikeret og kompleks tilgang til planlægningen af de indre sociale rum.^[1]^[2] Der findes mange kvadratiske borge i Storbritannien, for eksempel: Bodiam Castle i East Sussex og Bolton Castle i Yorkshire.

De 27 kvadratiske borge, som John Rickard har identificeret som værende opført i England, udgør cirka 10 % af de borge , der blev bygget i landet mellem 1272 og 1422. Der blev ikke bygget nogen borge af denne type i Wales.^[3]

Et af de tidligste kvadrangulære borge i Tyskland er Neuleiningen, hvor betydelige ruiner stadig eksisterer.

Kvadratiske borge i Storbritannien

Navn	Placering	Koordinater	Opført	Opført til	Designet af	Heritage status
Beverston Castle	Cotswold	51°38′39″N 2°12′05″V / 51.6442°N 2.20139°V / 51.6442; -2.20139	1225	Maurice de Gaunt Thomas de Berkeley, 3. Baron Berkeley	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Bodiam Castle	East Sussex	51°00′08″N 0°32′37″Ø / 51.00226°N 0.54353°Ø / 51.00226; 0.54353	1385	Edward Dalyngrigge	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Bolton Castle	North Yorkshire	54°19′20″N 1°57′00″V / 54.3221°N 1.94991°V / 54.3221; -1.94991	1379	Richard le Scrope, 1. Baron Scrope of Bolton	John Lewyn	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Caverswall Castle	Staffordshire Moorlands	52°58′57″N 2°04′29″V / 52.9826°N 2.0746°V / 52.9826; -2.0746	1275	William de Caverswall	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building
Cawood Castle	North Yorkshire	53°49′53″N 1°07′40″V / 53.8313°N 1.1278°V / 53.8313; -1.1278	1378	John Kemp	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Chideock Castle	Dorset	50°44′03″N 2°49′06″V / 50.7343°N 2.81825°V / 50.7343; -2.81825	1370s	Sir John Chideock	Ukendt/anonym	scheduled monument
Chillingham Castle	Northumberland	55°31′34″N 1°54′18″V / 55.526°N 1.905°V / 55.526; -1.905	1344	Sir Thomas Heton	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building
Cooling Castle	Medway	51°27′20″N 0°31′22″Ø / 51.4555°N 0.522732°Ø / 51.4555; 0.522732	1380s	John de Cobham, 3. Baron Cobham	Henry Yevele	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Danby Castle	North Yorkshire	54°27′20″N 0°53′43″V / 54.4555°N 0.895197°V / 54.4555; -0.895197	1302	William Latimer, 1. Lord Latimer	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Farleigh Hungerford Castle	Somerset	51°19′03″N 2°17′13″V / 51.3174°N 2.2869°V / 51.3174; -2.2869	1383	Thomas Hungerford	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Ford Castle	Northumberland	55°37′53″N 2°05′25″V / 55.6314°N 2.09025°V / 55.6314; -2.09025	1338	Sir William Heron	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building
Fyvie Castle	Aberdeenshire	57°26′36″N 2°23′42″V / 57.4433°N 2.3949°V / 57.4433; -2.3949	1300'erne	Ukendt/anonym	Ukendt/anonym	category A listed building
Greys Court	South Oxfordshire	51°32′42″N 0°57′22″V / 51.545°N 0.956164°V / 51.545; -0.956164	1348	John de Grey, 1. Baron Grey de Rotherfield Francis Knollys, 1. Viscount Knollys Baron Lovel	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Greystoke Castle	Westmorland and Furness	54°40′12″N 2°52′37″V / 54.66998°N 2.87705°V / 54.66998; -2.87705	1353	William de Greystoke, 2. Baron Greystoke	Ukendt/anonym	Grade II* listed building
Hartley Castle	Westmorland and Furness	54°28′09″N 2°20′12″V / 54.4691°N 2.33655°V / 54.4691; -2.33655	1353	Thomas de Musgrave Sir Richard Musgrave, 1. Baronet	Ukendt/anonym	scheduled monument Grade II listed building
Hemyock Castle	Mid Devon	50°54′45″N 3°13′54″V / 50.9125°N 3.23156°V / 50.9125; -3.23156	1380	Margaret and William Asthorpe	Ukendt/anonym	scheduled monument Grade II* listed building
Hever Castle	Hever	51°11′13″N 0°06′50″Ø / 51.186944°N 0.113889°Ø / 51.186944; 0.113889	1271	William de Hever	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building
Inverlochy Castle	Highland	56°49′57″N 5°04′52″V / 56.8326°N 5.081°V / 56.8326; -5.081	1270s	Clan Cumming	Ukendt/anonym	category B listed building
Lumley Castle	County Durham	54°51′17″N 1°33′11″V / 54.8547°N 1.55293°V / 54.8547; -1.55293	1389	Ralph de Lumley, 1. Baron Lumley	John Lewyn John Vanbrugh	Grade I listed building
Maxstoke Castle	Warwickshire	52°29′58″N 1°40′18″V / 52.4994°N 1.67167°V / 52.4994; -1.67167	1345	William de Clinton, 1. jarl af Huntingdon	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Moor End Castle	Northamptonshire	52°05′42″N 0°54′01″V / 52.0949°N 0.900155°V / 52.0949; -0.900155	1347	Edvard 3. af England Thomas de Ferrers	Ukendt/anonym	scheduled monument
Raby Castle	County Durham	54°35′27″N 1°48′06″V / 54.59092°N 1.80175°V / 54.59092; -1.80175	1378	House of Neville	John Lewyn	Grade I listed building
Ravensworth Castle	Tyne and Wear	54°55′34″N 1°38′18″V / 54.9262°N 1.6384°V / 54.9262; -1.6384	1350s	Marmaduke Lumley	Ukendt/anonym	Grade II* listed building scheduled monument
Sheriff Hutton Castle	North Yorkshire	54°05′17″N 1°00′19″V / 54.0881°N 1.00519°V / 54.0881; -1.00519	1382	John Neville, 3. Baron Neville de Raby	John Lewyn	Grade II* listed building scheduled monument
Shirburn Castle	South Oxfordshire	51°39′27″N 0°59′38″V / 51.6576°N 0.9938°V / 51.6576; -0.9938	1377	Warin de Lisle	Henry Yevele	Grade I listed building
Somerton Castle	North Kesteven	53°07′03″N 0°34′34″V / 53.1174°N 0.57616°V / 53.1174; -0.57616	1281	Antony Bek	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building scheduled monument
Starborough Castle	Surrey	51°10′42″N 0°02′19″Ø / 51.1783°N 0.0386396°Ø / 51.1783; 0.0386396	1341	Reginald de Cobham, 1. Baron Cobham	Ukendt/anonym	scheduled monument Grade II* listed building
Sudeley Castle	Gloucestershire	51°33′54″N 1°34′20″V / 51.5650°N 1.5722°V / 51.5650; -1.5722	1443	Ralph Boteler, 1. Baron Sudeley	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building
Westenhanger Castle	Kent Shepway	51°05′40″N 1°01′53″Ø / 51.0944°N 1.03144°Ø / 51.0944; 1.03144	1343	John de Criol Edward Poynings	Ukendt/anonym	scheduled monument Grade I listed building
Wingfield Castle	Mid Suffolk	52°20′52″N 1°15′41″Ø / 52.3479°N 1.2614°Ø / 52.3479; 1.2614	1384	Michael de la Pole, 1. jarl af Suffolk	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building
Woodcroft Castle	Cambridgeshire	52°37′35″N 0°19′02″V / 52.6263°N 0.3172°V / 52.6263; -0.3172	1280	Ukendt/anonym	Ukendt/anonym	Grade II* listed building
Woodsford Castle	Dorset	50°42′45″N 2°20′38″V / 50.7126°N 2.34389°V / 50.7126; -2.34389	1336	William de Whitefield Guy de Bryan, 1. Baron Bryan	Ukendt/anonym	Grade I listed building
Wressle Castle	East Riding of Yorkshire	53°46′32″N 0°55′45″V / 53.7755°N 0.929291°V / 53.7755; -0.929291	1390'erne	Thomas Percy, 1. jarl af Worcester Henry Percy, 5. jarl af Northumberland	John Lewyn	Grade I listed building scheduled monument

Referencer

↑ Faulkner, P (1958). "Domestic planning from the 12th to the 14th centuries". Archaeological Journal. 115: 150-83. doi:10.1080/00665983.1958.10854132.
↑ Faulkner, P (1963). "Castle planning in the fourteenth century". Archaeological Journal. 120: 215-35. doi:10.1080/00665983.1963.10854241.
↑ Rickard, John (2002). The castle community: the personnel of English and Welsh castles : 1272 - 1422 (1. publ. udgave). Woodbridge: Boydell. s. 21. ISBN 9780851159133.

Eksterne henvisninger

Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relateret til Kvadratisk borg

[faulkner1-1] Faulkner, P (1958). "Domestic planning from the 12th to the 14th centuries". Archaeological Journal. 115: 150-83. doi:10.1080/00665983.1958.10854132.

[faulkner2-2] Faulkner, P (1963). "Castle planning in the fourteenth century". Archaeological Journal. 120: 215-35. doi:10.1080/00665983.1963.10854241.

[3] Rickard, John (2002). The castle community: the personnel of English and Welsh castles : 1272 - 1422 (1. publ. udgave). Woodbridge: Boydell. s. 21. ISBN 9780851159133.

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